Who was Razia Sultana?
Razia Sultana was a female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who ascended to the throne in 1236 CE. She was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish, who was the third ruler of the Sultanate. Razia was born in Budaun, a town in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. She is regarded as one of the few women rulers in the Islamic world and is known for her bravery, intelligence, and administrative skills.
Early Life and Ascension to the Throne
Razia Sultana was the oldest daughter of Iltutmish, who had several sons but no male heirs at the time. Since the Sultanate was a patrilineal society, Razia’s position in the royal family was uncertain. However, Iltutmish recognized her exceptional qualities and trained her in the art of warfare and administration. When Iltutmish died in 1236 CE, he selected Razia as his successor, bypassing his own sons. This decision was met with opposition from the nobility, who considered a woman unfit to rule. However, Razia proved herself as a capable ruler and won the support of her subjects.
Razia Sultana’s Reign as a Ruler of Delhi Sultanate
During her reign, Razia Sultana implemented several reforms aimed at improving the administration and welfare of her subjects. She appointed qualified officials, established schools and hospitals, and reduced taxes. However, her policies were met with resistance from conservative nobles who opposed her progressive ideas. Razia also faced external threats from neighboring kingdoms and had to defend her territory against invasions. Despite these challenges, she managed to maintain peace and stability in the Sultanate for a brief period.
Marriage Proposals and Political Alliances
As a female ruler, Razia Sultana faced pressure to marry and form political alliances. She received several marriage proposals from powerful nobles, but she rejected them all, preferring to remain single and independent. This decision was seen as unconventional and caused further opposition to her rule.
The Marriage to Altunia of Bhatinda
In 1239 CE, Razia Sultana fell in love with Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda, a town in present-day Punjab, India. Altunia was a powerful warrior and a trusted ally of Razia. Despite opposition from the nobility, Razia married Altunia in a secret ceremony.
Altunia’s Role in Razia’s Reign
Altunia played a significant role in Razia’s reign. He led several successful military campaigns and defended the Sultanate against external threats. However, his influence over Razia and his growing power made the nobility suspicious.
The Revolt and Imprisonment of Razia Sultana
In 1240 CE, a group of nobles revolted against Razia Sultana, citing her marriage to Altunia as a reason for her incompetence. They imprisoned Razia and forced her to abdicate in favor of her brother.
Altunia’s Attempt to Rescue Razia from Prison
Altunia did not accept Razia’s imprisonment and organized a rebellion to free her. He marched with his army towards Delhi, but Razia was killed in a battle between the rebels and the nobles.
The Aftermath of Razia Sultana’s Death
Razia’s death marked the end of her brief but eventful reign. She was succeeded by her brother, who was more conservative and less progressive than Razia. Altunia was also killed in the rebellion, and his role in Razia’s death remains unclear.
Controversies Surrounding Razia’s Marital Status
Razia’s marriage to Altunia and her rejection of other proposals have been a subject of controversy among historians. Some argue that her marriage was a political move aimed at securing her position, while others see it as a genuine expression of love.
Historical Accounts and Interpretations
Historical accounts of Razia Sultana vary depending on the sources. Some portray her as a courageous and intelligent ruler who defied gender norms, while others criticize her for her unconventional behavior. The interpretation of her marriage to Altunia also varies, with some scholars seeing it as a sign of weakness and others as a bold move.
Conclusion: The Legacy of Razia Sultana and Her Marriage
Razia Sultana’s brief reign as a female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate has left a lasting legacy. Her bravery and intelligence have inspired generations of women to pursue leadership roles. Her marriage to Altunia, whether political or romantic, challenged societal norms and showed that love and loyalty can transcend gender and power dynamics. Despite her tragic end, Razia Sultana remains a symbol of courage and resilience, and her story continues to fascinate and inspire people around the world.
