Introduction to Bihar’s agriculture
Bihar, located in the eastern part of India, is an agrarian state with an agriculture-based economy. Agriculture employs around 80% of the state’s population, making it the primary source of livelihood for the majority of people. The state has a vast agricultural land area of around 6.8 million hectares, out of which over 5 million hectares are used for cultivation.
Importance of irrigation in Bihar
Irrigation plays a significant role in the agricultural landscape of Bihar. The state receives an average annual rainfall of about 1200 mm, but it is erratic and unevenly distributed. Moreover, Bihar has a predominantly flat terrain, with no natural water reservoirs, and the groundwater level is depleting at an alarming rate. Thus, irrigation facilities are essential to meet the water requirements of crops and enhance their productivity.
Traditional methods of irrigation
Traditionally, farmers in Bihar used rudimentary methods of irrigation, such as the traditional ‘dhekli’ and ‘rahat’ systems. The ‘dhekli’ system involves water lifting using a wooden lever operated by two or more people, while the ‘rahat’ system involves water being lifted using a pulley and rope. These methods are labor-intensive and inefficient.
Sprinkler irrigation techniques
Sprinkler irrigation is a popular technique in Bihar, particularly in the maize, wheat, and vegetable farming regions. This irrigation system involves spraying water in a circular pattern over the crops, mimicking rain. This process ensures even distribution of water, saving water and reducing wastage.
Drip irrigation techniques
Drip irrigation is another popular technique gaining traction in Bihar. The system involves providing water to the roots of plants drop by drop, reducing water wastage. This method is particularly useful in areas with low water availability and high water demand crops.
Sub-surface irrigation techniques
Sub-surface irrigation is a water-efficient technique used in Bihar, particularly for rice and sugarcane cultivation. In this technique, water is supplied directly to the roots of the plants through underground pipes, minimizing water loss through evaporation.
Flood irrigation techniques
Flood irrigation is a traditional method used in Bihar for paddy cultivation. It involves flooding the fields with water, allowing the plants to grow in standing water. While this method is efficient in water usage, it requires a large amount of water.
Canal irrigation in Bihar
Canal irrigation is a prevalent technique used in Bihar, particularly in the northern parts of the state. The state has an extensive network of canals that bring water from the Ganges and its tributaries to agricultural fields.
Tube-well irrigation in Bihar
Tube-well irrigation is a common practice in Bihar, particularly in areas with a low groundwater table. This method involves drilling a borewell and installing a submersible pump to lift water from underground.
Impact of irrigation on crop yield
Irrigation has a significant impact on crop yield in Bihar. Proper irrigation facilities can increase crop productivity, reduce crop damage due to water stress, and enhance the quality of crops.
Future prospects of irrigation in Bihar
Bihar is currently focusing on improving its irrigation infrastructure to enhance agricultural productivity. The state government is implementing various schemes to provide irrigation facilities to farmers, such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana and the Bihar Integrated Agriculture Development Scheme.
Conclusion: Need for sustainable irrigation practices
While irrigation is crucial for agricultural development in Bihar, it is essential to adopt sustainable practices to avoid water depletion and environmental degradation. The state needs to focus on water conservation, rainwater harvesting, and proper water management to ensure sustainable irrigation practices. By adopting these measures, Bihar can achieve sustainable agricultural growth and improve the livelihoods of its farming community.
